As internet controls and app restrictions tighten in Russia, users have increasingly turned to Max, a state-backed super-app. Promoted by celebrities and pre-installed on all devices sold in Russia since September 1st, the app aims to integrate a variety of services, echoing China's WeChat.
The Rise of Max
Max was launched by VK, known for owning Russia's largest social network, and is supported by Gazprom and billionaire Yuri Kovalchuk. Unlike WhatsApp and Telegram, Max fully complies with government mandates, including storing users' data within the country, making it a favored choice for officials.
However, its privacy policy allows data sharing with third parties and government bodies. In a nation where sharing critical or private messages carries legal risks, the potential for authorities to access this data raises significant concerns.
Shift in Communication
WhatsApp and Telegram are widely used, with WhatsApp's user-friendly registration appealing particularly to older demographics. Despite this, censorship has curbed usage. Officials cite non-compliance with data storage laws and increasing scams as justification.
In sparsely connected regions, where mobile browsing is slow, WhatsApp is crucial for daily activities like coordinating local matters or making purchases. Limitations on such platforms drive users towards government-approved alternatives like Max.
Impact of Internet Control Measures
Alongside app restrictions, Russia faces mobile internet blackouts, with each region affected since May. Shutdowns, framed as protective measures against Ukrainian drones, have left cities without internet, complicating daily life.
Critics argue these shutdowns pose more practical hardships than solutions. In Vladimir, prolonged outages disrupt transportation, and in Krasnoyarsk, recent cutoffs affect communication. Authorities argue shutdowns are temporary but effective, yet many question their broader efficacy.
Adapting to Change
Despite the government's push, Max has amassed around 30 million users, still behind its rivals. Some residents circumvent restrictions with alternatives like VPNs or non-smartphone usage. Conversely, new laws prohibit sharing SIM cards beyond close relatives, further limiting communication options.
The gradual increase in digital control resembles Beijing's model, contrasting the previously free and fast internet. With a growing dependency on Max, Russia's citizens navigate a changing digital landscape marked by intensified regulation and an evolving definition of online freedom.
